The gamong is for the dead and has several designs: mortar, men, python, lizard, snake, ladder, and shuttle. The bulol is again bathed in the blood of a sacrificial pig. Beyer, Henry Otley. Pangulchihon and Angudyawon are the descendants of Bugan, daughter of Amtalaw. The mens hair is cut so that it resembles a tight cap around the head. During rituals, ancestors are invoked, with the bulol being a central figure, especially in rice rituals. 1912. Invocations to the gods and the telling of myths accompany most of these steps. The mens effects, such as a betelnut container, kottiwong (small knife), spoon, and amulets are carried in a butong (hip bag), which is a triangular cloth pouch. Myths are generally told in the present tense although the narratives take place in the past. The rice ritual consists of the following steps, in succession: the lukat, which is the weeding of the fields; the pudung, in which the runo stalks are stuck to the ground and spread over the field in a standing position; the loka sacrifice, when the rice seedling is taken from the granary; the ugwidd, which is performed just before the turning of the soil with a spade; the bolnat, when seedlings are taken from the seed bed; the kulpe, which is after the transplanting of the rice seedlings; the hagophop, just before the women weed the crops; the paad, just before the terrace banks are weeded to prevent rice from wilting; the hanglag, when the rice is first eaten; and the ingngilin, performed by the owner during the day of the harvest. National Statistics Office. Since the 1960s, the mombakis role has had to compete with that of the government authorities. Scott, William Henry. Cinema Rehiyon. A low-pitched gong is the tobob, about 25 centimeters in diameter, which is beaten either with the open palms or clenched fists. Manila: The Bookmark, Inc. Lauzon, Lucenio Martin L., Robert James de Roque, and Alex Nicolas P. Tamayo. Carrying baskets have been so designed as to leave a persons hands free to carry other loads. We've updated our privacy policy. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. The Ifugao produce baskets for household needs as well as other purposes. The alim is a narrative chanted by the rich during prestige rituals or the funeral of a prominent person. Because of his exceptional knowledge of custom law, his word was law. The first ritual preceding a hunt is called pahang di amaiyu, which involves sacrificing a chicken and spending ceremonial days of idleness until omens are found favorable. Then, myth recitation related to the rite is performed. They also used coconut fonds leaves as roofs and walls for their huts. Obusan, Ramon, director. Another ornament may be a small shell attached to the middle stripe at the front end of the G-string (Vanoverbergh 1929, 201). . The bale are small houses with a floor area of around 12 to 15 square meters, raised above the ground on four posts. Primed and Purposeful:Armed Groups and Human Security Effortsin the Philippines. In the yard is a wood or stone mortar, which may be carved like an animal head. Speeches are made in between these dances, with the resounding whoooo-o-eee serving to silence those present so that the speech may be delivered (Wilcox 1912, 109-112). Weaving instruments, such as the loom sticks, the spindle, and the apparatus for fluffing, skeining, and winding are made by the menfolk. The roof is steep and covered with thatch. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. It is a pair made of straight or boomerang-shaped wood. There are five kinds of tapis. In late 1899, General Emilio Aguinaldo, called Miliyu by the Ifugao, penetrated the Cordilleras, with the Americans in pursuit. LUZON. One of these doors is provided with a removable ladder. Soon after the ouster of Marcos in 1986, the new president Corazon Aquino signed a peace pact with the Cordillera Peoples Liberation Army (CPLA), an armed group that aimed for regional autonomy founded on the peace pact institution of the bodong. It is danced to the rhythmic beat of wood against wood, also called the bangibang. It consists of three pieces of blue cloth, with narrow, horizontal, white stripes, and two broken double lines of red triangles or squares (Vanoverbergh 1929, 209). Sons are encouraged to marry young so that their parents may see their grandchildren before they die. A woman may wind a string of beads several times around her hair bun or around her neck. Some Ifugao proverbs are: Hay uya-uy di puntupong hi kinadangyan di ohan, (The feast is the yardstick of a persons wealth. The mombakis authority has been challenged by these new institutions. Igorot: A People Who Daily Touch the Earth and the Sky. It is played by men and women during courtship sessions or at night. 1913. In 1995, because of its rice terrace clusters, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared Banaue, Hungduan, Kiangan, and Mayoyao as World Heritage Sites. It was first serialized in Philippine Magazine and then published in Sydney in 1935. Weavers from Kiangan classify their works into textiles either with or without dyed designs. On the other hand, girls are taught to manage the home, work in the fields, and recite numerous ballads, especially the hudhud and the liwliwa (love song). The rice terraces have created a tourist industry that has resulted in improvements in the infrastructure such as roads, electric grids, and buildings. Children are well attended to, especially when still very young. Dancing, meanwhile, takes center stage during rituals, religious activities, and special occasions. Manila: MCS Enterprises Inc. . Baradas, David, curator. Talungtung (narrow band with fringes) runs along the edges of the width of the blanket. The Ifugao family is responsible for its affairs as long as every family member follows custom law. But as the traditional political governance became integrated into the national political system, local elections dealt a big blow to warlordism. Nearby are displayed the jawbones of sacrificial animals. The film dramatizes the struggles of the Ifugao against the American colonizers. Being brother and sister, Kabigat and Bugan leave earth for the downstream region and here bear three children who are deities: Ampuwal, the ancestor of all evil spirits; Ngilin, the ancestor of jealous spirits; and Ambummabbakal, ancestor of all Matangulan gods. Styles vary among Ifugao living in different places: The sitting types are found in Banaue and Mayoyao; the standing types with hands resting on thighs in Hungduan; the flat or uncarved backs in Lagawe; and the dancing type with hands stretched sideways in Kiangan. The babbong is a rattan strip instrument usually played by children before harvest time. Over this, three big stones are arranged in a triangle, over which a pot may be placed for cooking. Hunting plays a major part in the peoples subsistence; thus, there are many ritual myths about hunting. A ritual may consist of the following steps: the gonod or invocation to the deities or ancestors by name; the dayum or prayer to the deities; the aiyag, in which the mombaki invites the ancestors to come and possess him; the hikkop, in which an ancestor or deity possesses the mombaki; and the tobal, in which the mombaki exhorts the possessing deity or ancestor by expressing the purpose of the feast and the will of the people. Additionally, more opportunities for wage labor in nearby provinces, such as in the logging areas of Isabela and of Maddela, Quirino, and in the citrus orchards of Didipio, Nueva Vizcaya, besides those in urban centers like Baguio City and Manila, and overseas like Hong Kong, Singapore, and Dubai have led to an increase in Ifugao outmigration. Textiles with blue, red, and black dye designs are made into blankets, skirts, and G-strings. 2011. The initial work of preparing the paddies is strenuous. Thus, the house can be disassembled, transferred to another site, and reassembled within a day. After the farmers have worked on the fields all day, they may dance the paypayto to the beat of the gangsa. These elaborate rice terraces are cultivated by the Ifugao people in the mountains of northern Luzon, in the Philippines. Both the husband and wife can reclaim the wealth and property they owned before their marriage. Impact: The Effects of Tourism on Culture and the Environment in Asia and the Pacific: Sustainable Tourism and the Preservation of the World Heritage Site of the Ifugao Rice Terraces, Philippines. Introduction/Rationale . Women wear tattoos, with designs similar to those of the men, on the whole length of their arms. Tuklas Sining series. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. 1914. New York: University Books. Baguilat, Raymundo. These hipag are ritually smeared with the blood of a sacrificial animal and are stored in baskets with other granary figures. Large spoons and animal-shaped containers are also carved for local use and as souvenir items. 2005. Examples are the poho-phod and chiloh tales usually recited in death and sickness rituals among the Mayoyao Ifugao. A cloth pouch, very similar to that of the mens, serves like a pocket, either tucked in the tapis or held by the hand. When all this stored rice has been consumed, the apui is performed. The house is windowless so as to keep the cold out. Asian Awards for Ifugao. Philstar.net. Songs learned from other tribes or lands are usually sung individually. The abong are temporary dwellings with pyramidal roofs. The headdress may be made of three or four kung-kung (feathers), a roosters tail feather, or a bird-shaped piece of white-and-blue porcelain. Ifugao workers improved their economic condition, and disparities in wealth were not very significant. In Benjie Garcias Batad: Sa Paang Palay, 2006, an out-of-school Ifugao boy works as a tour guide to help his family and buy his dream rubber shoes. A very popular form of Ifugao art is sculpture. Similar schools at Banaue, Lamut, Lagawe, and Mayoyao were built soon after. In the past, brothers and sisters slept in separate houses as soon as they reached the age of six or seven. Wilcox, Cornelius De Witt. It is believed to hasten the ripening of the rice grains. The hangbo are red and yellow designs, woven at both ends of the G-string. The piniwaan nilihha G-string is the richer version of the binuhlan G-string. CAR also reunited the former mountain provinces, including Abra as a special region. The hipag are minor war deities. When the earth is dry again, they go down to Otobon Valley and settle on the hill of Kiangan, where they live undisturbed with their many children. The other gongs are played with sticks that strike the inner surface of the gong. Philippine Folk Dances and Songs. Offerings are always part of the rites performed. A smaller replica of the house serves as the storehouse for rice. The Henanga of Mayoyao use white, red, and blue, with blue dominating, and green and yellow threads are incorporated into the design at the middle. The interior of an Ifugao house is more round than cube-shaped and is windowless. Linguistic boundaries, however, are not quite as clearly delineated. In Kiangan, the priests tulud is a recitation of the myth while moving from one place to another. The system ensures conservation of the forest for fuel, housing, and irrigation for the terraces. The huop, a square-covered bamboo basket with a tight-fitting cover used to store cooked rice, is placed over the fire to help preserve the freshness of the rice. The pavement is as wide as that of the main building. Sound is produced by striking or banging the instrument. The sacrifice of animals, usually chickens, is done after the deity has left. Llamzon, Teodoro A. It covers about 251,778 hectares of territory, 81.77% of which has a slope of over 18 degrees. This thrilling dance could last until the wee hours of the night (Obusan 1991). Negotiations between the government and the CPLA led to the formation of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in July 1987. The brass bikkung is slightly thinner than the bamboo bikkung but serves the same purpose. Apocalypse Yesterday Already! Aside from dances, the rituals constitute the forms of drama among the Ifugao. The culture of the Ifugao - centered around the rice terraces and the traditions therein - may have finally met its match unless growing tourist interest finds a way to bring it back to its prime. Baki or rituals express the Ifugaos religious beliefs and are led by the mombaki. Author/s: Glecy Atienza (1994) / Updated by Gonzalo A. Campoamor II, and Leah Abayao, with additional notes from Jay Jomar F. Quintos, and Rosario Cruz-Lucero (2018), URL: https://epa.culturalcenter.gov.ph/1/2/2347/. A centerpiece of this belt may be a large white shell with a smaller red shell attached to its center. With the help of older village members, he imposed damages and fines. By 2001, worm infestation, the lack of water, and neglect had caused the terraces to be added to the UNESCOs List of World Heritage in Danger. In Asipulo, for instance, there are least three Ifugao subgroups speaking different Ifugao languages: Tuwali, Hanlulo, and Adyangan. The hudhud is chanted while the Ifugao work in the field or attend funeral wakes. The famous terraces had been inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1995 as "a continuing cultural landscape" The Ifugao native huts could probably be among the world's first prefabricated houses that do not use a single nail or metal to . It is played by striking the strings with a stick. This is followed by the possession of the priest by the ancestors. They were usually met with spears by the ferocious Ifugao warriors. The individual gongs are called tobob, hibat, or ahhot. The bikkung is a mouth instrument made of brass or bamboo. The piniwa G-string is different from the piniwaan nilihha only because the formers design is made through dyeing. Rice Gods of the Ifugao. Arts of Asia 4 (January-February): 20-29. When a person stands on the ground, the floor is about shoulder height. The sound of gongs summons villagers to a feast, which can last for several nights. , UNESCOs List of World Heritage in Danger, Apocalypse Yesterday Already! Antalaw represents the father of Bugan and also the living father of either husband or wife for whom the rites are being held. The langitang is generally used during burial rituals to drive away spirits and revenge rituals for a slain Ifugao. The term Ifugao is composed of the prefix i meaning people of and pugaw meaning the cosmic earth. It could also have been derived from the term ipugo, which means from the hill. Ifugao mythology, however, says that ipugo is a type of rice grain given to the people by Matungulan, the god of grains. Women are expected to plant and harvest rice, weed the rice paddies, cook, keep house, weave, and sew the family clothes. An elaborate and expensive ceremony is given to the dead, whether rich or poor. The Spanish never were able to take control of the Ifugao territory. Rat guards 25 x 25 square centimeters thick and 1.5 to 2 meters in length also serve as large pegs or tenons to secure the beams which support the walls. Owners of pigs surround their houses with fences called runo, which are made of plants, stones, or sticks planted on the ground. The gods enjoin the Ifugao to offer them blankets, skirts, and G-strings. 1966. Title: Group 4 Author: Alan Last modified by: SSSK Created Date: 9/3/2009 10:39:09 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show Company: Hewlett-Packard Company - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 57ae7e-ZDZmN The Kiangan Ifugao weave six types of G-strings. Ifugao: Culture and Tradition Religious Beliefs and Practices The religious beliefs of the Ifugaos are expressed in the numerous rites and prayers that comprise the main body of Ifugao myths. It consists of small patches of forest usually tended by adult males in each family. The indinwa, which is less commonly woven, is shorter than the intinlu but longer than the working skirt. Radyo Natin DZVK-FM 101.7, based in Banaue, is run by the Manila Broadcasting Company. The mamonghal (leader priest) assigns the different deities to the priests present. A historical novel about an Ifugao hero named Kalatong is The Half Way Sun: A Tale of the Philippine Islands by Australian T. Inglis Moore, an English and creative writing teacher at the University of the Philippines from 1928 to 1931. ARTS OF Stores were allowed to sell local goods and produce. 1991. . Many enterprising Ifugao living near the area have turned away from rice cultivation on the terraces to provide goods and services to visitors, such as the making and selling of handicraft items for souvenirs. 5 vols. Quezon City: Ben-Lor Publishing. The heat and smoke serve to dry the interior as well as the grain stored in the upper part of the house. By January 1949, the Spaniards had subdued Kiangan, enough to compel 1,076 families to pay a tribute of three or four gantas of rice each. Enkiwe-Abayao, Leah. Lodriguito, Benjamin G. 1978. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Anthropological Conference. The Private Apocalypse of Francis Coppola. Life Magazine (June): 111-120. However, its roof is made of tightly fitted wooden planks to ensure that rats cannot get in. In 1973, President Ferdinand Marcos issued a decree declaring the Ifugao rice terraces a national landmark. The Ifugao World. Kinship is of primary importance in traditional Ifugao life. The gamit, worn by the affluent, is made of two equal pieces of cloth joined together by a takdang stitch, consisting of red and white threads alternating with white and yellow. Agricultureboth wet and dryis the main source of livelihood among the Ifugao. Hudhud hi Aliguyon: A Translation of an Ifugao Harvest Song. MA thesis, Stanford University. Myths relate incidents that happened at a time when the world had not yet been created and man had not yet taken full control of its material possession, arts, and culture. Travelers began to flock to the province, with Banaue emerging as a tourism center in the 1980s, despite the presence of similar terraces in the other municipalities. Baguio City: Baguio Printing and Publishing Co. . The larger bag is the pinuhha, which is made of white thread; the smaller bag is the ambayong of double block thread. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 1957. 1966. 2010. The paypayto is an imitation of the high-flying birds who are disturbed by the hunters and fly away to safer places. 1955. Dulawan, Lourdes S. 1967. The abuwab are usually about the husband and wife Bugan and Wigan, said to live in Chuligan (also Dukligan) or Bayukan. In 1918, Ifugao province had a total of 175 barangays and a total population of 126,000. The men wear copper wire leglets coiled around 20 to 40 times beginning from just above the calf and gradually widening downward to follow the contour of the calf. 7 August. In the story, the hero Aliguyon arrives at the bank of the Lobong ad Lagud (Lake of the Downstream Region) to which the water of all rivers flow. In the Kiangan district, the rich are composed of three groups: the kadangyan, ordinary rich; the ballihung or immuyya-uy, the middle elite; and the himagabi, the wealthiest. Myrtle Matzger, an American Protestant missionary founded the Ifugao Academy in 1930. Wind instruments include the ungiyong (bamboo nose flute); the tongali (mouth flute), which has six holes and can be blown from both ends of the flute; and the hupip (mouth flute), which is made of runo reed as thin as a pen. In central Ifugao, the ulbong (rice storage basket) is made using the coiling method. The culture and social habits of the associated community has developed deep ties with these rice terraces. An origin myth about the peopling of the earth takes pains to justify incest, which is shown to be the only way in which the human race could have multiplied. The Spaniards could not end the Ifugao practice of headhunting completely despite attempts to do so, and the Ifugao continually attacked Spanish garrisons and troops. In the late 1990s in Mayoyao, death rituals could last up to a month. It is said that the cultural heroes Bugan and Balitok, or Bugan and Wigan, bought the first ablan (weaving loom) from Punholdayan. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. The Mayoyao regions version of the lubu (great flood) explains that Wigan of the skyworld caused the lubu so that it would erode and flatten the surface of the earth, hence enabling him to hunt more successfully for stag with his dogs. The warriors, armed with shields and spears, continually walk backward, lunging at the next man. Three to six months later, the wedding ceremony is performed by the mombaki in the girls home. the Ifugao to begin to migrate to the lowlands and abroad in search of paid work. When the two marry, they move to the city and have a child. The pinugo is part of a strict tribal law designed to protect the environment. The Non-Christian Peoples of the Philippine Islands. National Geographic Magazine 24 (November): 1157-1256. They may also wear the hingat (earring), of which there are seven kinds: first, a large copper ring; second, a string of small beads; third, the same kind of copper ring from which dangles a ring; fourth, a piece of copper wire, which is rolled up so as to form a small disk; fifth, a heavy piece of gold, silver (from a 50-centavo coin) or copper, in the shape of a C with much enlarged points that almost meet, sometimes flanked on both sides (top and bottom of C) with a variously shaped, comparatively large projection; sixth, one or two long and narrow, more or less spatulate pieces of white or brownish shell, dangling from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire; seventh, a piece of white shell in the shape of a topped clover leaf with two leaflets, which dangles from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire (Vanoverbergh 1929, 206-207). (Kill first the mother, before you get the child. When bathed in pigs blood, it is believed to assume new powers and will grant the owner wealth and prosperity. Boys from the mombaki bloodline are trained to recite the baki (myths). Many historians and tour directors romanticize the 2,000-year-old origins that early anthropologists claimed for the terraces. The poor mans G-string is the plain white tinannong, about 2 meters long and 15 centimeters wide. The giniling is a bracelet made of heavy copper wire coiled like a spring 20 to 40 times, gradually increasing in width. The hagabi is an improved version of its precursor called guinulgulding, a bench with goat-like heads at its two ends. You can read the details below. Then a man, chanting, without looking at the pig, and without stopping his speech, suddenly thrusts his spear into the pigs heart, withdrawing the spear so quickly that the blade remains free of the pigs blood (Wilcox 1912, 112). American presence in the Ifugao province initiated gradual adaptation to new realities. The narrow northwestern coast of Luzon directly facing the West Philippine Sea is the native domain of the Ilocano. When Pumbakhayon accepts his proposal, the wedding is held at once, and Pumbakhayon prays that the gods bless the couple with children and that they become rich Ifugao aristocrats. It is at this point that the researcher, a social science teacher, was motivated to conduct a similar study about the Ifugaos' culture and find out its educational implication. The major Ifugao languages are Tuwali in Kiangan and Lagawe; Ayangan or Adyangan in Banaue; Henanga in Mayoyao and Aguinaldo; Hingyon; and Hungduan. Since animals cannot be used because of the steep terraces, men upturn the soil with wooden spades after soaking the paddy. Incest is strictly forbidden in Ifugao law. They wear earrings and pendants like those worn by men. This article is from the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art Digital Edition. 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